Grand Canyon University Phosphate Buffered Saline Solution Questions

A phosphate-buffered saline solution is used in biological research because it maintains a particular pH, while also matching the number of ions in human blood. This solution is prepared by dissolving the following masses of these component into 1.00 L of deionized water:

Component	Mass (g)
NaCl	8.00
KCl	0.200
Na2HPO4	1.44
KH2PO4	0.240

The K_a for H₂PO₄^¯ is 6.25 x 10^-8. Answer the following questions about the phosphate-buffered saline solution.

1.(2 pt) Determine the total concentration, in moles per liter, for Na⁺ in the phosphate-buffered saline solution.

2.(2 pt) Determine the total concentration, in moles per liter, for K⁺ in the phosphate-buffered saline solution.

3.(2 pt) Determine the total concentration, in moles per liter, for Cl^¯ in the phosphate-buffered saline solution.

4.(2 pt) Determine the concentration, in moles per liter, for HPO₄^2¯ in the phosphate-buffered saline solution.

5.(2 pt) Determine the concentration, in moles per liter, for H₂PO₄^¯ in the phosphate-buffered saline solution.

6.(4 pt) Do the NaCl or KCl contribute to the pH of the solution? Explain your reasoning.

7.(3 pt) What is the pH of the phosphate-buffered saline solution?

8.(4 pt) What color would the solution be if red cabbage juice was added? Explain your reasoning.

9.(4 pt) Write a reaction that shows how added strong acid (H⁺) will be absorbed by the phosphatebuffered saline solution, maintaining the pH.

10.(4 pt) Write a reaction that shows how added strong base (OH^¯) will be absorbed by the phosphate-buffered saline solution, maintaining the pH.

11.(3 pt) You accidentally drop 0.0500 g of NaOH into your 1.00 L of prepared phosphate-buffered saline solution. What is the pH of the solution after this accident?

12.(3 pt) You accidentally drop 5.00 g of NaOH into your 1.00 L of prepared phosphate-buffered saline solution. What is the pH of the solution after this accident?

13.(3 pt) You are making your phosphate-buffered saline solution in a container that had a little solution in it. You assumed that the solution was pure water, but it turns out it was 5.00 mL of 1.00 M HNO₃. What is the pH of the phosphate-buffered saline solution that you prepared? Hint: your final total volume is the sum of the 1.00 L phosphate-buffered saline solution and the 5.00 mL of the HNO₃.

14.(4 pt) You realize that you added 0.500 g of KCl to your solution instead of 0.200 g of KCl. Do you expect the pH to be impacted by the additional KCl in the solution?

15.(4 pt) Will the pH of the solution change if the temperature of the solution is increased? Explain your reasoning.

16.(4 pt) Why are both K⁺ and Na⁺ important for a biological buffer?

 

Order Number			45471455714
Type of Paper			Essay
Writer Classification Level			Undergraduate
Style of Writing			MLA/APA/CHICAGO/
Sources and References			5
Number of Pages			4
	Distinguished (100%)	Proficient (85%)		Basic (70%)	Below Expectations (50%)	Non-Performance (0%)
Thesis Statement	Raises the strongest   objection to the thesis presented in the assignment. The objection is strongly grounded in research and logical reasoning.	Raises a plausible objection to the thesis presented in the assignment. The objection is mostly grounded in research and logical reasoning.		Raises an objection to the thesis presented in the assignment. The objection is somewhat grounded in research and logical reasoning.	Attempts to raise an objection to the thesis presented in the assignment. The objection is minimally grounded in research and logical reasoning.	The objection to the thesis is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions.
Counter Argument	Provides a strong, thorough rebuttal to the objection. The rebuttal effectively demonstrates that the thesis can withstand the objection and applies the principles of charity and accuracy.	Provides a rebuttal to the objection. The rebuttal mostly demonstrates that the thesis can withstand the objection and mostly applies the principles of charity and accuracy.		Provides a limited rebuttal to the objection. The rebuttal somewhat demonstrates that the thesis can withstand the objection and somewhat applies the principles of charity and accuracy.	Attempts to provide a rebuttal to the objection; however, the rebuttal minimally demonstrates that the thesis can withstand the objection and does not apply the principles of charity and accuracy.	The rebuttal is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions.
Conclusion	Provides clear and concise closing remarks that comprehensively summarize the essay. The remarks consider the broader controversy and/or further research that could offer additional insight into the moral solution of the business problem.	Provides closing remarks that summarize the essay. The remarks mostly consider the broader controversy and/or further research that could offer additional insight into the moral solution of the business problem. The closing remarks are somewhat unclear.		Provides closing remarks that minimally summarizes the essay. The remarks minimally consider the broader controversy and/or further research that could offer additional insight into the moral solution of the business problems. The closing remarks are unclear and/or vague.	Attempts to provide closing remarks that summarize the essay; however, the remarks do not consider the broader controversy and/or further research that could offer additional insight into the moral solution of the business problem. The closing remarks are unclear and vague.	The closing remarks are either nonexistent or lack the components described in the assignment instructions.
Written Communication: Context of and Purpose for Writing	Demonstrates methodical application of organization and presentation of content. The purpose of the writing is evident and easy to understand. Summaries, quotes, and/or paraphrases fit naturally into the sentences and paragraphs. Paper flows smoothly.	Demonstrates sufficient application of organization and presentation of content. The purpose of the writing is, for the most part, clear and easy to understand. There are some problems with the blending of summaries, paraphrases, and quotes. Paper flows somewhat smoothly.		Demonstrates a limited understanding of organization and presentation of content in written work. The purpose of the writing is somewhat evident but may not be integrated throughout the assignment. There are many problems with the blending of summaries, paraphrases, and quotes. Paper does not flow smoothly in all sections.	Organization and presentation of content are extremely limited. The purpose of the writing is unclear. There is little or no blending of summaries, paraphrases, and quotes. Paper does not flow smoothly when read.	The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions.
Written Communication: Control of Syntax and Mechanics	– Displays meticulous comprehension and organization of syntax and mechanics, such as spelling and grammar. Written work contains no errors and is very easy to understand.	Displays comprehension and organization of syntax and mechanics, such as spelling and grammar. Written work contains only a few minor errors and is mostly easy to understand		Displays basic comprehension of syntax and mechanics, such as spelling and grammar. Written work contains a few errors which may slightly distract the reader.	Fails to display basic comprehension of syntax or mechanics, such as spelling and grammar. Written work contains major errors which distract the reader.	The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions.
Written Communication: Required Formatting	Accurately uses required formatting consistently throughout the paper, title page, and reference page.	Exhibits required formatting throughout the paper. However, layout contains a few minor errors.		Exhibits limited knowledge of required formatting throughout the paper. However, layout does not meet all requirements.	Fails to exhibit basic knowledge of required formatting. There are frequent errors, making the layout difficult to distinguish as required style.	The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions.
Written Communication: Word Requirement	The length of the paper is equivalent to the required number of words.	The length of the paper is nearly equivalent to the required number of words.		The length of the paper is equivalent to at least three quarters of the required number of words.	The length of the paper is equivalent to at least one half of the required number of words.	The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions.
Written Communication: Resource Requirement	Uses more than the required number of scholarly sources, providing compelling evidence to support ideas. All sources on the reference page are used and cited correctly within the body of the assignment.	Uses the required number of scholarly sources to support ideas. All sources on the reference page are used and cited correctly within the body of the assignment.		Uses less than the required number of sources to support ideas. Some sources may not be scholarly. Most sources on the reference page are used within the body of the assignment. Citations may not be formatted correctly.	Uses an inadequate number of sources that provide little or no support for ideas. Sources used may not be scholarly. Most sources on the reference page are not used within the body of the assignment. Citations are not formatted correctly.	The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions.

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